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Non-Planar WingsNon-planar wings are configurations that extend outside a conventional monoplane. They include configurations such as wings with winglets or endplates, biplanes, X-wings, joined wings and box wings. In the drive to develop more efficient wings, non-planar configurations have been investigated in conceptual aircraft design. Their potential lower vortex, or induced, drag at a fixed span and their stability and control characteristics have slowly crept into the marketplace. Four non-planar configurations are discussed in more detail below. Biplane Biplanes have been around since the Wright brothers over a hundred years ago. Ludwig Prandtl, a professor of Applied Mechanics at the University of Gttingen, contributions to fluid dynamics and wing theory are renown. Prandtl derived an equation, by integrating the wing downwash, to compute the induced drag of two elliptically-loaded wings including interference effects. To be added... Winglets To be added... Box Wing To be added... C-Wing To be added...
Composite ConstructionCarbon To be added... Kevlar To be added... E-Glass To be added... Smart Composites To be added...
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