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Non-Planar Wings

Non-planar wings are configurations that extend outside a conventional monoplane.  They include configurations such as wings with winglets or endplates, biplanes, X-wings, joined wings and box wings. 

In the drive to develop more efficient wings, non-planar configurations have been investigated in conceptual aircraft design.  Their potential lower vortex, or induced, drag at a fixed span and their stability and control characteristics have slowly crept into the marketplace.  Four non-planar configurations are discussed in more detail below.

Biplane

Biplanes have been around since the Wright brothers over a hundred years ago.  Ludwig Prandtl, a professor of Applied Mechanics at the University of Gttingen, contributions to fluid dynamics and wing theory are renown.  Prandtl derived an equation, by integrating the wing downwash, to compute the induced drag of two elliptically-loaded wings including interference effects.

To be added...

Winglets

To be added...

Box Wing

To be added...

C-Wing

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Composite Construction

Carbon

To be added...

Kevlar

To be added...

E-Glass

To be added...

Smart Composites

To be added...

 
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